Mostary Zannath is the visiting Faculty of Community Dentistry, Public Health, Bangladesh University of Health Sciences (BUHS)

Introduction: Gingivitis is one of the wide spread disease in oral cavity and may lead to many complications. In Bangladesh gingivitis is a neglected disease and their lack of information regarding the extent of this disease. Objective: The aim of this study was to determine the prominent Tobacco use and dietary pattern influencing gingivitis among patients 15 to 45 years. Method: This was a cross sectional study and purposive sampling method was used. Total 200 samples were taken from 1st March to 31st July 2006, who fulfills inclusion criteria by pretested structured questionnaire in Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery (OMFS) department of Bangabandhu Sheikh Mujib Medical University (BSMMU). Data were collected using pre tested semi structured questionnaire by face to face interview. Information about duration of disease, information of gum diameter and supragingival calculous or plaque, depth of periodontal pocket was also gathered. Then data were sent to the researcher, which was sorted, scrutinized by the researcher herself by the selection criteria and then data were analyzed by calculator and personal computer by SPSS version 12.0 program. Data were analyzed by descriptive and inferential statistics. Prior to the commencement of this study, the research protocol was approved by the research committee (Local Ethical committee). Results: The mean age of respondents was 27±5 years. Dietary factors responsible for gingivitis were sweets (68%), chocolate (0.5%) and fast food (25%). Regarding behavioral factors smoking (78%), smoking & tobacco with beetle nuts (35%) and beetle nuts (19%) influenced gingivitis. In case of suffering of gingivitis most of the respondents (89%) were suffering from gingivitis from last one year and gum bleeding was seen among 98% of respondents. Conclusion: The status of tobacco use (smoking and smokeless) and dietary habits in the occurrence of the gingivitis. On the basis of finding an intervention program (particularly educational interventional program) targeted to the tobacco use and dietary habits.

Muhammad Hasan has completed his residency in restorative dentistry in 2013 from the reputed Aga Khan University Hospital, Karachi, Pakistan. He is now a certified consultant and serving as a full-time instructor at the same hospital. He has 9 publications to his credit.

Recently, there has been an ongoing trend of case reports that highlight the presence of more than four root canals in mandibular first molars. This tendency warns clinicians to be more prudent when dealing with mandibular first molars requiring endodontic treatment. Moreover, radiographic examination should be taken as a clue providing tool rather than as an absolute guide to anatomy and its associated aberrances. This case reports the successful non-surgical endodontic management of a mandibular first molar with six root canal systems with three canals in the mesial root and three in the distal root. The classification of root canal systems found in this case was Sert and Bayirli type XV in both the roots. After non-surgical endodontic treatment, the tooth was restored definitively with a resin composite core followed by porcelain fused to the metal crown. This case adds to the library of previously reported cases of mandibular first molars with six root canals and further emphasizes on the importance of rare morphological deviations that may occur in the mandibular first molars.

Hamed Hosseinkazemi has completed his Doctor of Dental Surguryat the age of 24 years from Babol Medical University and postgraduate of Oral Medicine studies from Tehran Medical University School of Dentistry. He is a Assisstant Professor at Departement of Oral medicine at Babol Medical University Dental school from 2011. He has published several papers and case reports in different journals and had been serving as a programm director of residency for 2 years.

Objective: The aim of the study was to investigate oral health knowledge, attitude and behavior and their correlation with clinical status in pregnant women in Iran. Methods: This cross-sectional study was done in Babol (a city of Iran) in 2015. A questionnaire was given to women and oral examination was done after it. Questionnaire included: Socio-demographic factors, self report oral health condition, habits, Knowledge and attitude during pregnancy. Dental and gingival status was assessed by DMFT and GI score. Data were analyzed using Chi-square, T-test and Pearson correlation and p<0.05 was considered statistically significant. Results: In total 204 pregnant women participated in this study. The mean age of women was 27.62±4.8. The mean of DMFT was 8.42±4.17 and the mean of GI was 1.46±0.52. Only 40.7% pregnant women in this study had oral examination before pregnancy. Better oral health practice were statistically associated with less cavity existence and gingivitis (p<0.05) . Statistical analyses showed that positive attitude and higher knowledge are significantly associated with dental visit before pregnancy, higher education and less GI and caries (p<0.05). Conclusions: In this present study more than half of the women had not visited a dentist before pregnancy. According to the correlation of knowledge, attitude and oral health practice with clinical status in this study, societies can improve pregnant women's oral health condition by education.

Objective: To evaluate the skeletal, dentoalveolar and soft tissue effects of the Forsus FRD appliance with miniplate anchorage inserted on the mandibular symphyses and to compare the findings with a well matched control group treated by a Herbst appliance for the correction of skeletal Class II malocclusion due to the mandibular retrusion. Materials and Methods: The sample consisted of 32 Class II subjects divided into two groups. Group I consisted of 16 patients (10 females and 6 males; mean age: 13.20 ± 1.33 years) treated using the Forsus FRD EZ appliance with miniplate anchorages inserted on mandibular symphyses. Group II consisted of 16 patients (9 females and 7 males; 13.56 ± 1.27 years) treated using the Herbst appliance. Seventeen linear and 10 angular measurements were performed to evaluate and compare skeletal, dentoalveolar and soft tissue effects of the appliances using Paired and Student t-tests. Results: Both appliances were effective in correcting skeletal class II malocclusion and showed similar skeletal and soft tissue changes. Upper incisor was statistically significantly more retruded in the skeletal anchoraged Forsus FRD group (P < .01). Lower incisor was retruded in the skeletal anchoraged Forsus FRD group (-4.09±5.12°), while it was protruded in the Herbst group (7.50±3.98°) (P < .001). Conclusion: Although both appliances were successful for the correction of the skeletal Class II malocclusion, skeletal anchoraged Forsus FRD EZ appliance did it without protruding the mandibular incisors.

Dr Majid A. Al-Harthi is working as a Consultant in Restorative and Implant Dentistry, Armed Forces Hospitals in Saudi Arabia

Implant dentistry has come a long way since 1981, with great improvements made to achieve primary implant stability and improve bone-to-implant contact. The focus has since shifted toward creating an esthetic restoration that is indistinguishable from natural teeth and is stable over time. The success of a single tooth implant restoration in the esthetic zone depends not only on restored function but also on harmonious integration of the restoration into the patient's overall appearance, especially the peri-implant soft tissue. In spite of the available surgical techniques, Fu et al. 2011 proposed a guideline that demonstrates possible ways to increase the soft tissue thickness around implants, i.e. the “PDP management triad”: implant position (P), implant design (D) and prosthetic design (P). First, the implant position, and angulation are key determinants in ensuring that an implant supported restoration has functional and esthetic success through an ideal emergence profile. Second, implant diameter and platform design can help prevent crestal bone resorption, which is a great asset in preserving esthetics. Third, the prosthetic design can provide the additional space for soft tissue in growth to create a fuller soft tissue profile. To optimize esthetic treatment outcomes, the use of provisional restorations with adequate emergence profiles is recommended to guide and shape the peri-implant tissues prior to definitive restoration. It is preferable to place provisional restorations on the implant at the time the restorative procedure is started. This process will establish a natural and esthetic soft tissue form that will determine guidelines for laboratory fabrication of an anatomically appropriate soft tissue model. The case demonstrates the fabrication of a provisional temporary crown designed to optimize the development of ideal soft tissue form around implant in esthetic zone.